The fundamental OOPs concepts in Java are:
Encapsulation: Hiding the internal details of an object from other objects, and providing a public interface to interact with the object. This is achieved through the use of access modifiers (private, protected, and public) to control the visibility of class members.
Inheritance: A mechanism for creating a new class based on an existing class, inheriting its properties and behavior. This allows for code reuse and the creation of a class hierarchy, making the code more organized and easier to maintain.
Polymorphism: The ability of an object to take on many forms, allowing the same method to be used with objects of different classes. This is achieved through method overloading (having multiple methods with the same name but different parameters) and method overriding (having a method in a subclass that has the same name and parameters as a method in its superclass).
Abstraction: Hiding the implementation details of a class and exposing only the necessary information to the user. This is achieved through the use of abstract classes and interfaces, which provide a blueprint for other classes to follow.
Association: The relationship between two classes, where one class has a reference to an instance of the other class. This can be unidirectional or bidirectional, and can be further classified as a one-to-one, one-to-many, or many-to-many relationship.
Aggregation: A special type of association where one class is a part of another class. For example, a "Department" class may have multiple "Employee" objects, but the "Employee" objects can exist independently of the "Department" class.
Composition: A stronger form of aggregation, where one class is made up of multiple instances of other classes. The objects of the composing class cannot exist independently of the composed class.
By utilizing these concepts, Java developers can write organized, reusable, and maintainable code.
